Public examinations are designed to measure students' knowledge and skills in a particular subject or area of study.

Board examinations are conducted by regional or state boards of education, while state examinations are conducted by the state government. National examinations are conducted by the central government, and international examinations are conducted by international organizations.

Public examinations offer a number of advantages, including providing a standardized measure of students' academic achievement, helping to ensure that students are meeting the same standards, identifying students who are struggling and need additional support, and motivating students to study hard and achieve their goals.

Public examinations can have a number of disadvantages, including being stressful for students, leading to teaching to the test, being biased against certain groups of students, and being used to rank and sort students, which can lead to competition and anxiety.

A number of reforms have been proposed to improve public examinations, including reducing the number of examinations, making examinations more relevant to the real world, using a variety of assessment methods, and providing more feedback to students.

It is likely that public examinations will continue to play an important role in higher secondary education, but they will be reformed to address the concerns that have been raised.

Public examinations in higher secondary education face a number of challenges, including the increasing diversity of students, the changing nature of work, the need for greater accountability, and the rise of technology.

Public examinations can be made more fair and equitable by providing accommodations for students with disabilities, using a variety of assessment methods, ensuring that examinations are culturally sensitive, and providing more feedback to students.

Public examinations can be made more relevant to the real world by using authentic assessment tasks, incorporating real-world problems into examinations, providing opportunities for students to apply their knowledge and skills to real-world situations, and working with employers to develop examinations that are relevant to the skills that they need.

Public examinations can be used to promote higher-order thinking skills by using open-ended questions, requiring students to analyze and evaluate information, providing opportunities for students to solve problems, and encouraging students to be creative and original.

Public examinations can be used to provide feedback to teachers on their teaching effectiveness by using item analysis to identify areas where students are struggling, providing teachers with feedback on the performance of their students, encouraging teachers to use the results of public examinations to improve their teaching, and working with teachers to develop professional development opportunities that are based on the results of public examinations.

Public examinations can be used to compare the performance of different schools and districts by using standardized scores to compare the performance of different schools and districts, adjusting for differences in student demographics, using value-added models to measure the impact of schools and districts on student achievement, and publishing school and district report cards that include information on public examination results.

There are a number of ethical issues that need to be considered when using public examinations, including the need to protect student privacy, the need to ensure that examinations are fair and equitable, the need to avoid bias against certain groups of students, and the need to ensure that examinations are used for their intended purpose.

Technology can be used in a number of ways to improve public examinations, including delivering examinations, scoring examinations, providing feedback to students, and comparing the performance of different schools and districts.