Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates, including their causes, effects, and variations over time.

Tree rings, ice cores, and fossil records all provide valuable information about past climates.

Variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun, known as Milankovitch cycles, are the primary cause of long-term climate change.

The Ice Age refers to a period of extreme cold temperatures and extensive glaciation that occurred during the Pleistocene epoch.

Global warming refers to the gradual increase in global temperatures over time, primarily due to human activities and the emission of greenhouse gases.

Coral reefs are commonly used to study past sea levels because they are sensitive to changes in sea level and leave behind distinct geological formations.

Paleontology is the study of ancient plant and animal life, including their evolution, behavior, and interactions with their environment.

Moraines, eskers, and drumlins are all geological features formed by the accumulation of sediment deposited by glaciers.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to produce food.

Canyons, mesas, and buttes are all geological features formed by the erosion of soft rock by wind or water.

Respiration, decomposition, and combustion are all processes that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Deltas, floodplains, and levees are all geological features formed by the accumulation of sediment deposited by rivers.

Evaporation is the process by which water evaporates from the Earth's surface and turns into water vapor.

Beaches, sandbars, and spits are all geological features formed by the accumulation of sediment deposited by waves.

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water.