In a single-member district plurality system, the candidate who receives the most votes in a single-member district is elected, even if they do not receive a majority of the votes.

The single-member district plurality system is simple to understand and administer because voters only need to cast a single vote for the candidate of their choice.

The single-member district plurality system can lead to unrepresentative outcomes because a candidate can win with a minority of the votes. It also discourages the formation of third parties because third parties are unlikely to win elections under this system. Additionally, it makes it difficult for minority groups to win elections because they are often concentrated in certain districts.

In a proportional representation system, multiple winners are elected from a single-member district, with the number of winners determined by the proportion of votes each party receives.

The proportional representation system produces more representative outcomes because it ensures that all parties are represented in the legislature in proportion to their share of the vote. It also encourages the formation of third parties because third parties have a better chance of winning elections under this system. Additionally, it makes it easier for minority groups to win elections because they are not concentrated in certain districts.

The proportional representation system can lead to weak and unstable governments because no single party is likely to win a majority of the seats in the legislature. It can also make it difficult to form a majority government because multiple parties need to come together to form a coalition government. Additionally, it can encourage the formation of extreme parties because these parties can appeal to a small but dedicated group of voters.

In a mixed-member proportional system, a single winner is elected from a multi-member district, with the remaining seats allocated to parties based on their proportion of the vote.

The mixed-member proportional system combines the advantages of the single-member district plurality system and the proportional representation system. It produces more representative outcomes than the single-member district plurality system, while also making it easier for third parties and minority groups to win elections.

The mixed-member proportional system can be complex to understand and administer because voters need to understand both the single-member district plurality system and the proportional representation system. It can also lead to weak and unstable governments because no single party is likely to win a majority of the seats in the legislature. Additionally, it can make it difficult to form a majority government because multiple parties need to come together to form a coalition government.

The United States uses the single-member district plurality system for elections to the House of Representatives and the Electoral College.

The United Kingdom uses the single-member district plurality system for elections to the House of Commons.

Canada uses the single-member district plurality system for elections to the House of Commons.

Australia uses a mixed-member proportional system for elections to the House of Representatives.

New Zealand uses a mixed-member proportional system for elections to the House of Representatives.

Germany uses a mixed-member proportional system for elections to the Bundestag.