Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, an Indian-American astrophysicist, is considered the father of Indian astrophysics. He made significant contributions to the study of stellar evolution, black holes, and white dwarfs.

Aryabhata, launched in 1975, was India's first satellite specifically designed for astronomy. It carried instruments to study X-rays and gamma rays from celestial sources.

AstroSat, launched in 2015, is India's first dedicated astronomy satellite. It carries five instruments, including an X-ray telescope, and has made significant observations of black holes, neutron stars, and other X-ray sources.

The Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) is a 2-meter optical telescope located at an altitude of 4,500 meters in the Himalayas. It is used for observations in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths.

Homi J. Bhabha, an Indian nuclear physicist, made significant contributions to the study of cosmic rays. He proposed the existence of mesons, which were later confirmed experimentally.

Mangalyaan, also known as the Mars Orbiter Mission, was India's first interplanetary mission. It successfully reached Mars in 2014 and has been studying the Martian atmosphere, surface, and mineralogy.

Govind Swarup, an Indian radio astronomer, played a key role in the development and construction of the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). The GMRT is a large radio telescope located in Pune, India.

Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, was India's first lunar mission. It successfully reached the Moon and conducted various scientific experiments, including mapping the lunar surface and studying its composition.

S. Chandrasekhar made significant contributions to the study of black holes. He derived the Chandrasekhar limit, which is the maximum mass a white dwarf can have before collapsing into a black hole.

India has not yet launched a space mission to Jupiter.

S. Chandrasekhar made significant contributions to the study of stellar evolution. He developed the theory of white dwarfs and proposed the Chandrasekhar limit.

India has not yet launched a space mission to Venus.

No Indian scientist has made significant contributions to the study of cosmic microwave background radiation.

India has not yet launched a space mission to Saturn.