Litigation is a formal process of resolving disputes through the courts, while ADR methods are alternative, non-judicial approaches to dispute resolution.

The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 is the primary legislation governing ADR in India. It provides a framework for the conduct of arbitration and conciliation proceedings.

Notarization is not a requirement for a valid arbitration agreement under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

In arbitration, the parties can choose to have a sole arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators, depending on the complexity of the dispute and the parties' preferences.

The decision of an arbitrator is final and binding on the parties, subject to limited grounds for challenge under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

Mediation is a process in which a neutral third party helps the parties to reach a mutually acceptable settlement, without imposing a decision on them.

In mediation, the mediator can make suggestions for resolving the dispute, but the parties are not bound to accept these suggestions.

Conciliation is a process in which a neutral third party helps the parties to reach a mutually acceptable settlement, and the settlement is then binding on the parties.

ADR is generally less adversarial than litigation, as it focuses on finding a mutually acceptable solution rather than on winning or losing.

ADR is not mandatory for all disputes in India. Parties are free to choose whether to use ADR or to pursue litigation.

Negotiation is not a type of ADR, as it is a direct discussion between the parties without the involvement of a neutral third party.

The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015 introduced several changes to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, including provisions to streamline the arbitration process and to make it more efficient.

The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 does not require an arbitration award to be in writing. Therefore, this is not a ground for challenging an arbitration award.

The Supreme Court of India has played a significant role in shaping the law of ADR in India through its various judgments, which have clarified and interpreted the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and other relevant laws.

ADR is becoming increasingly popular in India as a means of resolving disputes due to its advantages over litigation, such as its lower cost, faster pace, and greater flexibility.