The seismic response of a soil deposit is influenced by a combination of factors, including soil type, density, moisture content, and other properties.

Liquefaction is the process by which saturated soil loses its strength and behaves like a liquid during an earthquake, often leading to ground failure.

Sandy soils, particularly those that are loose and saturated, are most susceptible to liquefaction due to their lack of cohesion and high permeability.

Ground shaking during an earthquake is primarily caused by the propagation of seismic waves, which are generated by the sudden release of energy at the earthquake source.

S-waves, also known as shear waves, are responsible for the majority of damage to structures during an earthquake due to their ability to cause ground shaking and induce shear stresses in buildings.

Soil amplification refers to the phenomenon where seismic waves are amplified as they pass through soft soil layers, resulting in increased ground shaking and potential damage to structures.

Energy dissipation devices are structural elements designed to absorb and dissipate seismic energy through inelastic deformation, thereby reducing the forces transmitted to the main structure.

A seismic isolation system is designed to isolate the structure from seismic waves by introducing a flexible layer between the structure and the ground, reducing the transmission of seismic forces to the building.

Pile foundations are often used in seismic-prone areas due to their ability to transfer seismic forces to deeper, more stable soil layers, reducing the risk of structural damage.

Seismic retrofitting refers to the process of modifying or strengthening an existing structure to improve its resistance to seismic forces and reduce the risk of damage during an earthquake.

ASCE 7 is the primary seismic design code used in the United States for the seismic design of buildings and other structures, providing guidelines for structural design to resist seismic forces.

Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is the maximum horizontal acceleration that a structure is expected to experience during an earthquake, often used as a measure of seismic intensity.

Gravelly soils, due to their dense packing and interlocking particles, are generally considered to be the most stable during an earthquake, exhibiting less susceptibility to liquefaction and ground shaking.

Resonance occurs when the natural period of vibration of a structure matches the predominant period of seismic waves, resulting in increased structural response and potential damage.

S-waves, also known as shear waves, are responsible for the back-and-forth motion of the ground during an earthquake, causing shear stresses and potentially damaging structures.