Engine tuning aims to optimize various engine parameters, such as air-fuel ratio, ignition timing, and valve timing, to extract maximum power and torque from the engine.

In turbocharged vehicles, increasing engine power can be achieved by installing a larger turbocharger, upgrading the intercooler to improve cooling efficiency, and modifying the exhaust system to reduce backpressure.

A cold air intake system aims to provide the engine with a cooler and denser air charge, which can lead to improved combustion efficiency and increased power output.

To enhance handling and stability, performance vehicles often undergo modifications such as installing stiffer springs and shock absorbers, lowering the ride height to reduce body roll, and upgrading to wider tires for increased grip.

A limited-slip differential is designed to improve traction by transferring power to the wheel with the most grip, particularly during acceleration and cornering, thereby reducing wheel spin and enhancing vehicle stability.

Upgrading to a free-flow exhaust system, which typically involves replacing the stock exhaust components with larger-diameter pipes and a less restrictive muffler, helps improve exhaust flow and reduce backpressure, leading to increased engine power.

A strut brace is a structural component that connects the front or rear strut towers of a vehicle, providing additional rigidity to the chassis. Its primary purpose is to stiffen the chassis and reduce body flex, particularly during cornering and acceleration, leading to improved handling and stability.

To enhance braking performance, modifications typically involve upgrading to larger brake rotors for increased heat dissipation, installing high-performance brake pads for improved friction and stopping power, and adding a brake booster to reduce the effort required to apply the brakes.

A turbocharger is a forced induction device that utilizes exhaust gases to spin a turbine, which in turn drives a compressor to force more air into the engine. This increased air mass allows the engine to burn more fuel, resulting in increased power and torque output.

To enhance throttle response, modifications often involve installing a larger throttle body for increased airflow, upgrading the intake manifold for improved air distribution, and modifying the fuel injection system to optimize fuel delivery.

The camshaft is a critical component in automotive performance tuning as it controls the timing and duration of valve opening and closing in the engine. By modifying the camshaft profile, tuners can optimize valve timing to improve engine performance and power output.

To enhance aerodynamics, modifications typically involve adding a front splitter to reduce front-end lift, installing a rear spoiler or wing to increase downforce, and lowering the vehicle's ride height to reduce drag.

A blow-off valve (BOV) in turbocharged vehicles is designed to prevent turbo lag and improve throttle response. When the throttle is closed, the BOV releases excess boost pressure from the turbocharger, reducing compressor surge and allowing the turbocharger to spool up more quickly when the throttle is reopened.

To optimize weight distribution, modifications often involve relocating heavy components like the battery to the rear of the vehicle, installing a lightweight flywheel to reduce rotational mass, and upgrading to carbon fiber body panels for weight reduction.

A limited-slip differential is designed to improve traction by transferring power to the wheel with the most grip, particularly during acceleration and cornering, thereby reducing wheel spin and enhancing vehicle stability.