Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Renewable energy sources, on the other hand, are replenished naturally and can be used indefinitely.

The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials generate an electrical current when exposed to light. This principle is utilized in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to convert sunlight directly into electricity.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical energy, which is then used to generate electricity. Wind energy is a clean and sustainable source of renewable energy.

Hydroelectric power plants utilize the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. The movement of water drives turbines, which in turn generate electricity.

Biomass energy involves the conversion of organic matter, such as plant materials, animal waste, and wood, into usable energy. This can be done through combustion, anaerobic digestion, or other processes.

Geothermal power plants utilize the heat from the Earth's core to generate electricity. This heat is used to boil water, creating steam that drives turbines and generates electricity.

Tidal energy involves harnessing the energy of ocean tides to generate electricity. Tidal turbines are placed in areas with strong tidal currents, and the movement of water drives the turbines to generate electricity.

Solar thermal power plants use concentrated sunlight to heat a fluid, which is then used to generate steam. The steam drives turbines, which in turn generate electricity.

Wave energy involves harnessing the energy of ocean waves to generate electricity. Wave energy converters are placed in areas with strong wave action, and the movement of waves drives the converters to generate electricity.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical energy, which is then used to generate electricity. Wind energy is a clean and sustainable source of renewable energy.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) involves harnessing the temperature difference between the warm surface waters and the cold deep waters of the ocean to generate electricity.

Hydroelectric dams utilize the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. The movement of water drives turbines, which in turn generate electricity.

Geothermal energy involves harnessing the heat from the Earth's core to generate electricity. This heat is used to boil water, creating steam that drives turbines and generates electricity.

Biomass power plants utilize organic matter, such as plant materials, animal waste, and wood, to generate electricity. This can be done through combustion, anaerobic digestion, or other processes.