Antitrust law aims to promote competition in the marketplace by preventing anti-competitive practices and ensuring a level playing field for businesses.

The Sherman Antitrust Act is a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that prohibits monopolies and unreasonable restraints of trade. It was enacted in 1890 and is considered to be the foundation of antitrust law in the country.

The Clayton Act is a federal law in the United States that was enacted in 1914 to supplement the Sherman Antitrust Act. It prohibits certain anti-competitive practices, such as price fixing, exclusive dealing arrangements, and tying arrangements.

The Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act is a federal law in the United States that was enacted in 1976. It requires companies to notify the government before they merge or acquire another company if the transaction meets certain size thresholds.

The purpose of the antitrust laws is to promote competition and protect consumers by preventing anti-competitive practices and ensuring a level playing field for businesses.

Some of the common types of antitrust violations include monopolization, price fixing, bid rigging, tying arrangements, and exclusive dealing arrangements.

The penalties for violating the antitrust laws can include fines, jail time, divestiture, injunctions, and other remedies.

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is responsible for investigating and prosecuting antitrust violations, regulating mergers and acquisitions, promoting competition, protecting consumers, and advising the government on competition policy.

The Competition Act, 2002 is a landmark piece of legislation in India that introduced the concept of antitrust law in the country, established the Competition Commission of India (CCI), prohibits anti-competitive agreements and practices, regulates mergers and acquisitions, and promotes competition.

Some of the key provisions of the Competition Act, 2002 include the prohibition of anti-competitive agreements, the regulation of mergers and acquisitions, the establishment of the Competition Commission of India (CCI), and penalties for violating the Act.

The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP Act), 1969 was the first comprehensive antitrust law in India. It prohibited monopolistic and restrictive trade practices, established the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (MRTPC), and was eventually replaced by the Competition Act, 2002.

A monopoly is a single entity that controls a large share of the market, while a cartel is a group of companies that agree to fix prices or output. Monopolies can exist in any industry, while cartels can only exist in industries with a small number of large firms. Monopolies are more likely to lead to higher prices than cartels.

Some of the economic effects of monopolies include higher prices, reduced output, less innovation, and lower quality products.

Some of the economic effects of cartels include higher prices, reduced output, less innovation, and lower quality products.