Orthography is the study of writing systems, including their history, structure, and use.

Language evolution is the process by which a language changes over time, including changes in its sounds, grammar, and vocabulary.

An alphabet is a system of writing that uses letters to represent sounds, such as the English alphabet.

A syllabary is a system of writing that uses syllables to represent words, such as the Japanese kana.

A logography is a system of writing that uses characters to represent words or morphemes, such as the Chinese characters.

An ideography is a system of writing that uses characters to represent ideas or concepts, such as the Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Orthographic evolution is the process by which a writing system changes over time, including changes in its characters, spelling, and punctuation.

Orthographic elaboration is the process by which a writing system becomes more complex, including the addition of new characters, spelling rules, and punctuation.

Orthographic simplification is the process by which a writing system becomes simpler, including the removal of characters, spelling rules, and punctuation.

Orthographic standardization is the process by which a writing system becomes more standardized, including the establishment of standard spelling rules and punctuation.

Orthographic diffusion is the process by which a writing system becomes more widely used, including its adoption by new languages and cultures.

Orthographic decline is the process by which a writing system becomes less widely used, including its abandonment by languages and cultures.

Orthographic extinction is the process by which a writing system becomes extinct, including its complete abandonment by all languages and cultures.

Orthographic linguistics is the study of the relationship between writing systems and language evolution, including how writing systems influence language change and how language change influences writing systems.

Orthographic history is the study of the history of writing systems, including how writing systems have changed over time and how they have been used by different languages and cultures.