Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist, astronomer, and mathematician, is widely regarded as the father of modern science and a pioneer of the New Philosophy of Nature. He made significant contributions to the understanding of motion, astronomy, and the scientific method.

Determinism is a philosophical principle that states that every event in the universe is causally determined by preceding events and conditions. It is a key concept in the New Philosophy of Nature, which sought to explain natural phenomena through mechanical and deterministic laws.

Mechanism is the philosophical view that all natural phenomena can be explained by mechanical principles, such as the laws of motion and the conservation of energy. It is a fundamental principle of the New Philosophy of Nature, which sought to reduce natural phenomena to their mechanical causes.

René Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician, famously proposed the dualistic view that there are two distinct substances: mind and matter. This dualism played a significant role in the development of the New Philosophy of Nature, as it attempted to reconcile the mechanical understanding of nature with the existence of consciousness and free will.

Vitalism is the belief that living organisms are governed by different principles than non-living matter. It posits the existence of a vital force or principle that animates and organizes living beings, distinguishing them from inanimate objects. Vitalism was a significant counterpoint to the mechanistic view of nature in the New Philosophy of Nature.

Inductive reasoning is a scientific method that involves making generalizations based on observations and experiments. It is a key component of the New Philosophy of Nature, which emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and the systematic collection of data to understand natural phenomena.

Nihilism is the belief that the universe is fundamentally purposeless and devoid of inherent meaning. It is a philosophical position that gained prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries, influenced by the New Philosophy of Nature's emphasis on naturalism and the rejection of traditional metaphysical and religious beliefs.

John Locke, an English philosopher, argued that all knowledge is derived from experience and that there are no innate ideas. This empiricist view was influential in the development of the New Philosophy of Nature, as it emphasized the importance of sensory experience and observation in understanding the natural world.

Deism is the belief that the universe is governed by a rational and orderly design, but that this designer does not intervene in the world's affairs. It is a philosophical position that emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries, influenced by the New Philosophy of Nature's emphasis on natural laws and the rejection of traditional religious beliefs.

Hypothesis testing is a scientific method that involves formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, and analyzing the results to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted. It is a key component of the New Philosophy of Nature, which emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and the systematic testing of ideas.

Atomism is the belief that the universe is composed of an infinite number of indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms. It is an ancient philosophical concept that gained renewed attention during the New Philosophy of Nature, as it provided a mechanistic explanation for the behavior of matter.

René Descartes, in his dualistic philosophy, argued that the universe is composed of two fundamental substances: extension (matter) and thought (mind). This distinction between the physical and mental realms played a significant role in the development of the New Philosophy of Nature, as it attempted to reconcile the mechanical understanding of nature with the existence of consciousness and free will.

Nihilism is the belief that the universe is governed by chance and that there is no inherent order or purpose. It is a philosophical position that gained prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries, influenced by the New Philosophy of Nature's emphasis on naturalism and the rejection of traditional metaphysical and religious beliefs.

Falsification is a scientific method that emphasizes the importance of falsifying hypotheses and rejecting theories that are not supported by evidence. It is a key component of the New Philosophy of Nature, as it provided a rigorous approach to testing and refining scientific theories.

Monism is the belief that the universe is composed of a single, unified substance. It is a philosophical position that contrasts with dualism, which posits the existence of two distinct substances (e.g., mind and matter). Monism was influential in the development of the New Philosophy of Nature, as it provided a simplified and unified framework for understanding the natural world.