In modern economies, technological innovation is widely recognized as the primary driver of economic growth, leading to increased productivity, new industries, and improved living standards.

Schumpeterian economic theory, proposed by Joseph Schumpeter, emphasizes the role of innovation and entrepreneurship in driving economic growth and development.

Commercialization is the process of converting new knowledge or technology into economically valuable products, processes, or services that can be marketed and sold.

Sustaining innovation involves incremental improvements to existing products or processes, extending their lifespan and enhancing their performance.

Diffusion of innovation refers to the process by which new technologies or ideas spread from one country or region to another, leading to their adoption and adaptation.

Radical innovation involves the creation of entirely new products, processes, or markets, often leading to the disruption of existing industries and the emergence of new ones.

Governments can foster innovation in an economy through direct investment in research and development, intellectual property protection, subsidies and tax incentives, and regulation and standards.

The information and communication technology (ICT) sector is often considered to be a key driver of innovation in modern economies due to its rapid technological advancements and its impact on various industries.

Adoption and implementation refer to the process by which firms or individuals adopt new technologies or practices, integrating them into their operations and realizing their benefits.

Architectural innovation involves the combination of existing technologies or ideas in new ways, leading to the creation of new products, processes, or services.

Education and skills development play a crucial role in fostering innovation in an economy by preparing a skilled workforce, promoting research and development, and encouraging entrepreneurship.

Market-creating innovation involves the creation of new markets or the redefinition of existing ones, often through the introduction of entirely new products or services.

Research and development (R&D) refers to the process by which new knowledge is generated and disseminated, often leading to the creation of new technologies and innovations.

Business model innovation involves the development of new business models or organizational structures, often leading to new ways of creating and delivering value to customers.

Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in driving innovation and economic development by identifying and exploiting new opportunities, developing new products and services, and creating new businesses.