Søren Kierkegaard is widely regarded as the father of existentialism, a philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of individual existence, freedom, and choice.

Phenomenology, as developed by Edmund Husserl, focuses on the study of consciousness and the structures of experience.

Friedrich Nietzsche is associated with the concept of the 'death of God', which signifies the decline of traditional religious beliefs and values in modern society.

Martin Heidegger introduced the concept of 'being-in-the-world', which emphasizes the interconnectedness of human existence with the world and the significance of our embodied experiences.

Post-structuralism, a philosophical movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, primarily focuses on the critique of language and representation, questioning the stability and objectivity of meaning.

Jacques Derrida is renowned for introducing the concept of 'deconstruction', a critical approach that examines the underlying assumptions and structures of language and texts.

Michel Foucault is known for his analysis of power relations and the concept of 'the gaze', which explores how power operates through surveillance and control.

Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist philosophy emphasizes the importance of freedom and choice, highlighting the individual's responsibility for their actions and the creation of their own meaning in life.

Emmanuel Levinas is renowned for his concept of 'the Other' and his exploration of intersubjectivity, emphasizing the ethical responsibility and the encounter with the other person.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological philosophy centers on the study of consciousness and embodiment, exploring the relationship between the mind and the body and the significance of our embodied experiences.

Gilles Deleuze is known for his concept of 'nomadism' and his critique of sedentary thought, challenging traditional notions of identity and stability.

Jean-François Lyotard's postmodern philosophy focuses on the critique of grand narratives, questioning the legitimacy and authority of overarching historical and cultural narratives.

Jacques Derrida is renowned for his concept of 'différance' and his analysis of writing and textuality, exploring the complexities of language and the relationship between speech and writing.

Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutical philosophy centers on the study of interpretation and understanding, exploring the ways in which we make sense of texts, symbols, and human experiences.