Yeast is a fungus that consumes sugar and produces carbon dioxide gas as a byproduct. This gas creates bubbles in the dough, which expand during baking and give bread its characteristic light and airy texture.

Gluten is a protein found in wheat flour that forms a network of elastic strands when mixed with water. This network traps the carbon dioxide gas produced by yeast, allowing the bread to rise and maintain its shape.

Yeast is most active at temperatures between 80-90°F (27-32°C). At lower temperatures, yeast activity slows down, while at higher temperatures, yeast can be killed.

Kneading dough helps to develop gluten, which is essential for the structure and texture of bread. Kneading stretches and folds the dough, aligning the gluten strands and creating a strong network.

Proofing dough allows the yeast to grow and produce carbon dioxide gas, which causes the dough to rise. It also allows the flavors to develop and the gluten to relax, resulting in a more tender and flavorful bread.

The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between sugars and proteins when heated. This reaction produces flavor compounds and browning, which are characteristic of baked goods like bread.

Salt is added to bread dough primarily to enhance flavor. It also helps to inhibit yeast activity and strengthen gluten, but these effects are secondary to its role in flavor enhancement.

Fat is added to bread dough primarily to tenderize the crumb. It also adds flavor and richness, but these effects are secondary to its role in tenderizing the crumb.

Sugar is added to bread dough primarily to provide food for the yeast. It also adds sweetness and tenderness to the crumb, but these effects are secondary to its role in feeding the yeast.

Eggs are added to bread dough primarily to enrich the dough. They add protein, fat, and moisture, which results in a richer, more flavorful, and tender bread.

Milk is added to bread dough primarily to add moisture. It also adds flavor and tenderness to the crumb, but these effects are secondary to its role in adding moisture.

Water is added to bread dough to hydrate the flour, activate the yeast, and dissolve the salt and sugar. All of these are essential for the successful production of bread.

The ideal internal temperature for a baked loaf of bread is 190°F (88°C). This temperature ensures that the bread is cooked through and safe to eat, while still maintaining a moist and tender crumb.

Brushing bread with butter or oil after baking adds flavor, moisture, and creates a shiny crust. It also helps to prevent the bread from drying out.

The best way to store bread to maintain its freshness is in an airtight container in the refrigerator. This will help to prevent the bread from drying out and becoming stale.