The Chartist movement was a working-class political movement in Britain that sought to extend the right to vote to all men, regardless of their property or income.

The Jacobin Club was a radical political club that played a leading role in the French Revolution. It advocated for the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.

The Zollverein was a customs union that was established in Germany in 1834. It sought to unify the German states into a single economic unit and to promote free trade.

The Risorgimento was a political and social movement that emerged in Italy in the 19th century. It sought to unify the Italian states into a single nation and to establish a liberal and democratic government.

The Narodniks were a group of Russian revolutionaries who emerged in the 19th century. They sought to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish a socialist society.

The First Spanish Republic was a short-lived republic that was established in Spain in 1873. It sought to establish a liberal and democratic government.

The First Portuguese Republic was a republic that was established in Portugal in 1910. It sought to overthrow the monarchy and establish a democratic government.

The Greek War of Independence was a war that was fought between Greece and the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829. It resulted in the establishment of an independent Greek nation-state.

The First Serbian Uprising was an uprising that was led by the Serbian people against the Ottoman Empire in 1804. It resulted in the establishment of an autonomous Serbian state.

The Bulgarian National Revival was a cultural and political movement that emerged in Bulgaria in the 19th century. It sought to establish a Bulgarian nation-state and to promote Bulgarian culture and language.

The Union of the Romanian Principalities was a political union that was established between the Romanian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia in 1859. It was the first step towards the establishment of a Romanian nation-state.

The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was a revolution that was led by the Hungarian people against the Habsburg Empire. It sought to establish a Hungarian nation-state and to promote Hungarian culture and language.

The November Uprising was an uprising that was led by the Polish people against the Russian Empire in 1830. It sought to establish a Polish nation-state and to promote Polish culture and language.

The Finnish War was a war that was fought between Finland and Russia from 1808 to 1809. It resulted in the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire.

The United Irishmen was a revolutionary organization that was founded in Ireland in 1791. It sought to establish an Irish nation-state and to promote Irish culture and language.