Underground structures are often used to protect people and assets from harsh weather conditions, such as extreme temperatures, storms, and earthquakes.

Tunnels, basements, and subways are all examples of underground structures that serve different purposes.

Underground structures face a combination of challenges, including limited space, the need for structural stability, and the potential for water infiltration.

Cut-and-cover, TBM, and shield tunneling are all methods used for constructing tunnels, depending on the specific conditions and requirements of the project.

Waterproofing systems are designed to prevent water from entering an underground structure, protecting it from damage and ensuring its long-term performance.

The structural design of an underground structure must consider soil conditions, depth, and expected loads to ensure its stability and performance.

Ventilation systems in underground structures serve multiple purposes, including providing fresh air, removing pollutants, and controlling temperature and humidity to ensure a safe and comfortable environment.

Subways, tunnels, and underpasses are all examples of underground structures used for transportation, facilitating the movement of people and vehicles.

Shoring systems are used in underground excavations to support the sides, prevent collapse, and control groundwater flow, ensuring the safety and stability of the excavation.

Basements, underground vaults, and underground warehouses are all examples of underground structures used for storage or manufacturing purposes, providing additional space and protection for various activities.

In seismic regions, the design of underground structures must focus on ensuring structural integrity, minimizing damage to contents, and maintaining functionality during and after an earthquake.

Cisterns, underground reservoirs, and aqueducts are all examples of underground structures used for water storage or distribution, providing a reliable supply of water for various purposes.

Drainage systems in underground structures are designed to remove excess water, prevent flooding, and control groundwater levels, ensuring the structural integrity and functionality of the underground space.

Bunkers, underground command centers, and missile silos are all examples of underground structures used for military or strategic purposes, providing protection and security for critical operations and assets.

Fire safety in underground structures requires a combination of measures, including adequate ventilation, fire suppression systems, and the use of fire-resistant materials, to minimize the risk of fire and protect occupants and assets.