Conflict Theory posits that race and ethnic relations are characterized by power struggles and competition for resources, leading to inequality and discrimination.

Symbolic Interactionism emphasizes the role of social interaction and communication in shaping individuals' perceptions and understandings of race and ethnicity.

Assimilation Theory posits that over time, racial and ethnic groups lose their distinct identities and become absorbed into the dominant culture.

Pluralism Theory argues that race and ethnic relations are characterized by cultural diversity and the coexistence of distinct group identities.

Social Constructionism posits that race and ethnicity are not inherent or fixed, but rather are shaped by social and historical processes.

The Contact Hypothesis suggests that positive interactions between members of different racial and ethnic groups can lead to reduced prejudice and discrimination.

Institutional Racism Theory posits that racism is embedded in institutions and structures, leading to systemic discrimination and inequality.

Social Identity Theory suggests that individuals define their self-concept in relation to the social groups they belong to and the comparisons they make with other groups.

Economic Exploitation Theory posits that racial and ethnic inequality is rooted in economic exploitation and class divisions.

Racial Formation Theory argues that racial categories are socially constructed and maintained through political, economic, and cultural processes.

Cultural Pluralism Theory posits that cultural diversity and the coexistence of distinct cultural groups can promote social harmony and integration.

The Theory of Racial and Ethnic Competition suggests that conflict between racial and ethnic groups arises from competition for scarce resources and power.

Attitudinal Racism Theory posits that racial prejudice and discrimination are rooted in individual attitudes, beliefs, and values.

The Theory of Racial and Ethnic Identity Development suggests that individuals develop their sense of racial and ethnic identity through socialization and interaction with others.

Social Movement Theory posits that social movements and collective action can play a significant role in challenging racial and ethnic inequality and promoting social change.