The Gestalt principles of perception are a set of principles that describe how the human brain organizes and interprets sensory information. They include the principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, and common fate.

The ecological approach to perception emphasizes the role of perception in guiding behavior. It argues that the primary goal of perception is to provide information that is useful for survival and adaptation.

Perception can be influenced by a variety of factors, including attention, expectation, motivation, and past experiences.

Attention plays a critical role in perception by allowing us to focus on specific aspects of the environment, ignore irrelevant information, and enhance the processing of attended information.

Expectation can influence perception in a variety of ways. It can lead us to perceive things that are not actually there, make us more likely to interpret ambiguous stimuli in a certain way, and affect our memory for what we have perceived.

Top-down processes in perception are those that are influenced by our expectations, beliefs, and past experiences. Perceiving a face in a cloud is an example of a top-down process because it is influenced by our expectation of seeing faces.

Bottom-up processes in perception are those that are driven by the sensory information that we receive. Detecting a faint odor is an example of a bottom-up process because it is driven by the sensory information that is received by our olfactory receptors.

Perceptual organization plays a critical role in perception by helping us to group together related elements of a scene, distinguish between figure and ground, and create a coherent and meaningful representation of the world.

Perceptual illusions are distortions of perception that occur despite the accuracy of the sensory information that is received. The Muller-Lyer illusion, the Ponzo illusion, and the Ebbinghaus illusion are all examples of perceptual illusions.

Culture can influence perception in a variety of ways. It can influence the way we perceive colors, faces, objects, and even the world around us.

Perceptual disorders are conditions that affect the way we perceive the world around us. Aphantasia is a condition in which people are unable to visualize images in their mind's eye. Prosopagnosia is a condition in which people are unable to recognize faces. Agnosia is a condition in which people are unable to recognize objects.

Sensation is the process of receiving sensory information from the environment through our senses. Perception is the process of interpreting that sensory information and giving it meaning.

Sensory receptors are specialized cells that convert sensory information into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Photoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to light, mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli, and thermoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to temperature.

The brain plays a critical role in perception by receiving sensory information from the environment, interpreting that information and giving it meaning, and storing memories of past experiences.

Perceptual constancies are perceptual phenomena that allow us to perceive objects as having the same size, shape, and color, even when they are viewed from different angles, distances, or under different lighting conditions.