Brahmins are traditionally considered the highest caste in the Indian caste system, associated with priestly and intellectual roles.

A closed social stratification system typically restricts social mobility and reinforces rigid social boundaries, leading to lower levels of social integration.

Education is widely recognized as a key factor in promoting social mobility, as it opens up opportunities for individuals to acquire skills and knowledge that can lead to better employment and social status.

Social institutions such as family, school, workplace, and religious organizations contribute to social integration by providing individuals with opportunities for interaction, shared values, and a sense of belonging.

Social stratification often leads to social inequality, as different social strata have unequal access to resources, opportunities, and power.

Gender is a horizontal dimension of social stratification, as it divides society into two broad categories (male and female) with distinct social roles and expectations.

A meritocratic social stratification system emphasizes social mobility based on individual achievement and merit, rather than ascribed status or inherited social position.

Class is a vertical dimension of social stratification, as it divides society into different socioeconomic strata based on factors such as income, occupation, and education.

Discrimination based on factors such as caste, class, gender, or race can hinder social integration by creating barriers and divisions between different social groups.

Social stratification can contribute to social cohesion by providing a sense of order and stability in society, as individuals recognize their place within the social hierarchy.

Vertical mobility refers to movement between different social classes, either upward or downward, based on factors such as occupation, income, or education.

Horizontal mobility refers to movement within the same social class, involving changes in occupation, income, or education that do not result in a change in social status.

Intergenerational mobility refers to movement between generations, comparing the social status of parents and their children.

Intragenerational mobility refers to movement within the same generation, involving changes in occupation, income, or education that occur during an individual's lifetime.

A common criticism of the functionalist perspective on social stratification is that it overlooks the role of conflict and power in shaping social stratification and fails to address the inequalities and tensions that exist within stratified societies.