To combine different disciplines to address complex problems.

To create new knowledge by integrating different perspectives.

To develop innovative solutions to real-world challenges.

All of the above.

Collaboration between researchers from different disciplines.

Integration of knowledge from different disciplines.

Engagement of stakeholders in the research process.

All of the above.

Communication barriers between researchers from different disciplines.

Lack of shared understanding of concepts and methodologies.

Difficulty in integrating different perspectives into a coherent research design.

Adequate funding for interdisciplinary research projects.

To provide input and feedback on the research design and process.

To help identify and prioritize research questions.

To contribute their knowledge and expertise to the research project.

All of the above.

Literature review.

Qualitative research methods.

Quantitative research methods.

Mixed methods research.

To provide a shared understanding of the research problem and objectives.

To guide the selection of research methods and data collection techniques.

To facilitate the integration of knowledge from different disciplines.

All of the above.

Enhanced creativity and innovation.

Generation of more comprehensive and holistic solutions.

Increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Potential for conflict and disagreement among researchers.

To encourage researchers to critically examine their own assumptions and biases.

To promote open and honest communication among researchers and stakeholders.

To facilitate the integration of different perspectives and knowledge systems.

All of the above.

Difficulty in finding common ground among researchers from different disciplines.

Lack of shared language and terminology.

Power imbalances between researchers and stakeholders.

Adequate funding for transdisciplinary research projects.

To identify existing knowledge and gaps in the literature.

To develop a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.

To inform the development of a conceptual framework.

All of the above.

Participatory action research.

Community-based research.

Experimental research.

Mixed methods research.

To ensure that the research is relevant and responsive to real-world needs.

To facilitate the integration of different perspectives and knowledge systems.

To promote ownership and sustainability of research outcomes.

All of the above.

Communication barriers between researchers from different disciplines.

Lack of shared understanding of concepts and methodologies.

Difficulty in integrating different perspectives into a coherent research design.

Adequate funding for interdisciplinary research projects.

To encourage researchers to critically examine their own assumptions and biases.

To promote open and honest communication among researchers and stakeholders.

To facilitate the integration of different perspectives and knowledge systems.

All of the above.

Difficulty in finding common ground among researchers from different disciplines.

Lack of shared language and terminology.

Power imbalances between researchers and stakeholders.

Adequate funding for transdisciplinary research projects.