Coastal regions in India, particularly in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, are highly prone to soil salinity due to the intrusion of seawater and high evaporation rates.

Excessive irrigation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, leads to the accumulation of salts in the soil profile, resulting in soil salinity.

Clayey soils have poor drainage and low permeability, making them more prone to waterlogging and salt accumulation, leading to salinization.

Soil salinity adversely affects crop productivity by reducing water uptake, causing nutrient imbalances, and inducing physiological stress in plants, leading to reduced crop yields.

Barley is a salt-tolerant crop that can withstand moderate levels of soil salinity and is commonly grown in saline soils.

Leaching is the process of removing excess salts from saline soils by applying large amounts of water to dissolve and drain the salts below the root zone.

Planting salt-tolerant crops, improving drainage, and applying gypsum are all common methods used to manage soil salinity and mitigate its negative effects on crop productivity.

Gypsum, when applied to saline soils, reacts with sodium salts to form calcium salts, which are less harmful to plants and improve soil structure.

Afforestation, or planting trees in saline areas, is a long-term strategy for combating soil salinity as trees help in lowering the water table and reducing evaporation, thereby preventing salt accumulation in the soil.

The National Salinity Management Mission in India aims to promote sustainable agriculture in salt-affected areas by implementing various measures to improve soil health, enhance water-use efficiency, and increase crop productivity.

Gujarat has the highest percentage of salt-affected soils in India, with approximately 2.5 million hectares of land affected by salinity.

The estimated area of salt-affected soils in India is approximately 20 million hectares, posing a significant challenge to agricultural productivity and food security.

The Indus Basin in India, particularly in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, is severely affected by soil salinity due to poor drainage and excessive irrigation.

Seawater intrusion is the primary source of salinity in the coastal regions of India, where high evaporation rates and poor drainage contribute to the accumulation of salts in the soil.

Drip irrigation is a water-efficient irrigation method that minimizes waterlogging and reduces the accumulation of salts in the soil, helping to prevent soil salinization.