Affirmative action is a policy that aims to increase opportunities for members of historically disadvantaged groups. It is not a form of racial discrimination.

Xenophobia is the fear or hatred of foreigners, ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to all others, and cultural appropriation is the adoption of elements of a minority culture by members of a dominant culture.

Socioeconomic status is not a factor that contributes to racial and ethnic inequality. In fact, it is often the result of racial and ethnic inequality.

Poverty, unemployment, and health problems are all consequences of racial and ethnic inequality.

Affirmative action, anti-discrimination laws, and education are all strategies for reducing racial and ethnic inequality.

Racial formation theory, racialization theory, and ethnoracial stratification theory are all theories that explain how race and ethnicity are used to maintain social stratification.

Racialization is the process by which racial and ethnic groups are assigned different social and economic positions.

Ethnoracial stratification is the system of social stratification based on race and ethnicity.

Assimilation, acculturation, and integration are all terms used to describe the process by which racial and ethnic groups are incorporated into the dominant culture.

Cultural pluralism, multiculturalism, and ethnic nationalism are all terms used to describe the process by which racial and ethnic groups resist assimilation and maintain their own cultural identity.

Segregation, apartheid, and Jim Crow are all terms used to describe the process by which racial and ethnic groups are separated from each other.

Integration, desegregation, and busing are all terms used to describe the process by which racial and ethnic groups are brought together.

Equality, equity, and justice are all terms used to describe the process by which racial and ethnic groups are given equal opportunities.

Reconciliation, truth and reconciliation, and healing are all terms used to describe the process by which racial and ethnic groups are reconciled after a period of conflict.

Solidarity, coalition building, and community organizing are all terms used to describe the process by which racial and ethnic groups are united in a common cause.