Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect benefits that humans receive from ecosystems, such as clean air, water, food, and shelter.

Fossil fuel extraction is not an ecosystem service because it does not provide direct or indirect benefits to humans from ecosystems.

Biodiversity contributes to ecosystem services by increasing the resilience of ecosystems to disturbances, enhancing the productivity of ecosystems, and promoting the cycling of nutrients through ecosystems.

Habitat loss and fragmentation is the main threat to biodiversity because it reduces the amount of habitat available for species, making them more vulnerable to extinction.

Conservation biology studies the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss, develops strategies to protect and restore biodiversity, and raises awareness about the importance of biodiversity.

National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and nature reserves are all examples of protected areas, which are areas of land or sea that are designated for the conservation of biodiversity.

Sustainable development is the term used to describe the sustainable use of natural resources, which means using resources in a way that does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Individuals can contribute to ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation by reducing their ecological footprint, supporting sustainable businesses, and participating in conservation efforts.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was a global assessment of the state of the world's ecosystems, conducted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and other partners.

Traditional knowledge provides insights into the sustainable use of natural resources, helps identify areas of high biodiversity value, and promotes the participation of local communities in conservation efforts.

Ecosystem-based adaptation involves using natural ecosystems to adapt to climate change impacts, managing ecosystems to reduce their vulnerability to climate change, and restoring degraded ecosystems to enhance their resilience to climate change.

Valuing ecosystem services helps decision-makers understand the benefits of conserving ecosystems, promotes the integration of ecosystem services into economic decision-making, and raises awareness about the economic value of biodiversity.

Technology can be used to monitor and assess the state of ecosystems, develop innovative solutions for conservation, and communicate the importance of ecosystem services to the public.

Habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, pollution, and invasive species are all major challenges to ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation.

International cooperation helps coordinate conservation efforts across borders, facilitates the sharing of knowledge and resources, and promotes the development of global conservation policies.