Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is a black or dark brown viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum that is used as the primary binder in asphalt pavements.

Aggregates, which consist of sand, gravel, or crushed stone, are the main components of concrete and provide strength, durability, and stability to the mixture.

Mild steel, also known as low-carbon steel, is commonly used for the reinforcement of concrete structures due to its strength, ductility, and relatively low cost.

Geotextiles are permeable fabrics used in transportation engineering to reinforce soil, prevent erosion, and improve the stability of slopes and embankments.

Steel rails are commonly used for the construction of railway tracks due to their strength, durability, and ability to withstand heavy loads and high speeds.

Portland cement, when mixed with water, forms a paste that binds the aggregates together and provides strength and durability to concrete.

Crushed stone is commonly used for the construction of concrete pavements due to its strength, durability, and resistance to wear and tear.

Polymers are added to asphalt mixtures to improve their flexibility, durability, and resistance to cracking and rutting.

Concrete is commonly used for the construction of airport runways due to its strength, durability, and ability to withstand heavy aircraft loads.

Reinforcing steel is used in concrete structures to provide tensile strength and prevent cracking, as concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.

Concrete is commonly used for the construction of bridge decks due to its strength, durability, and resistance to fire and weather conditions.

Fibers are added to concrete mixtures to improve the tensile strength, toughness, and resistance to cracking of concrete.

High-strength steel is commonly used for the construction of highway guardrails due to its strength, ductility, and ability to absorb impact energy.

Geogrids are used in transportation engineering to reinforce soil, prevent erosion, and improve the stability of slopes and embankments.

Metal, particularly aluminum and steel, is commonly used for the construction of traffic signs and signals due to its strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion.