Coastal and marine research encompasses a wide range of topics, including the study of physical and biological processes, the development of sustainable management practices, and the exploration of economic opportunities.

Deforestation is a major environmental issue, but it is not a direct threat to coastal and marine ecosystems.

Sea level rise is the gradual increase in the average sea level over a long period of time.

All of the options are types of marine protected areas.

Marine mining, ocean mining, deep-sea mining, and submarine mining are all terms used to describe the process of extracting valuable minerals and metals from seawater.

River erosion is not a type of coastal erosion.

Desalination, reverse osmosis, distillation, and electrodialysis are all processes used to convert seawater into freshwater.

Coral reefs are not coastal wetlands.

Coastal and marine social science, human dimensions of coastal and marine science, and social-ecological systems analysis are all terms used to describe the study of the interactions between humans and coastal and marine environments.

Research aircraft are not coastal and marine research vessels.

Satellite remote sensing, aerial remote sensing, and LiDAR are all types of remote sensing technology used to study coastal and marine environments.

Social data is not a type of coastal and marine data.

Data sharing, information sharing, and knowledge sharing are all terms used to describe the process of sharing coastal and marine data and information.

Private companies are not typically coastal and marine research institutions.

Science-policy interface, science-management interface, and knowledge transfer are all terms used to describe the process of translating coastal and marine research findings into policy and management decisions.