Engineering ethics encompasses several fundamental principles, including beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (avoiding harm), autonomy (respecting individual rights), and justice (fairness and equity).

The Belmont Report outlines three ethical principles for human subjects research: respect for persons, beneficence, and informed consent. Justice is not explicitly included as a principle in the Belmont Report.

There are several codes of ethics that are specifically designed for engineers, including the IEEE Code of Ethics, the NSPE Code of Ethics, the ASME Code of Ethics, and the AIChE Code of Ethics.

An engineer's primary responsibility in conducting research is to produce accurate and reliable results, protect the safety and well-being of participants, comply with all applicable laws and regulations, and maintain the confidentiality of research data.

When conducting research involving human subjects, engineers must obtain both IRB approval and informed consent from participants.

All of the options provided are examples of conflicts of interest in engineering research.

If an engineer discovers that research data has been falsified or fabricated, they should report the incident to their supervisor, the IRB, and the funding agency.

All of the options provided are examples of whistleblowers in engineering research.

Research misconduct can have a number of potential consequences, including loss of funding, retraction of publications, damage to reputation, and legal liability.

The best way to prevent research misconduct is to create a culture of integrity in the research environment, provide training on research ethics, and establish clear policies and procedures for research conduct.

All of the options provided are examples of dual-use technologies, which can be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes.

Dual-use technologies raise a number of ethical considerations, including the potential for misuse, the need for responsible development and use, and the importance of public engagement and oversight.

Engineers have a role to play in addressing the ethical considerations associated with dual-use technologies by designing and developing technologies that minimize the potential for misuse, advocating for responsible policies and regulations, and educating the public about the potential benefits and risks of dual-use technologies.

All of the options provided are examples of grand challenges in engineering, which are complex problems that require innovative solutions.

Grand challenges in engineering raise a number of ethical considerations, including the potential for unintended consequences, the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, and the importance of public engagement and participation.