Latitude is the primary factor influencing soil temperature in India. Areas closer to the equator experience higher soil temperatures due to the direct solar radiation they receive.

Soil temperature typically decreases with depth due to the insulating effect of the soil. Deeper layers of soil receive less solar radiation and are less affected by atmospheric conditions.

Thermometers, pyrometers, and thermocouples are all commonly used methods for measuring soil temperature. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on specific requirements.

During the summer season in India, soil temperatures typically range between 35-45 °C. This range can vary depending on the region, soil type, and other factors.

Soil temperature plays a crucial role in various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, seedling emergence, root growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and respiration.

Sandy soil has a higher temperature compared to other soil types because it has a lower water-holding capacity and allows for better heat penetration.

Soil temperature plays a vital role in agricultural practices by influencing crop selection, planting and harvesting schedules, and the application of fertilizers and irrigation.

Soil temperature has a significant impact on microbial activity in the soil, affecting the decomposition of organic matter, the release of nutrients, and the growth and activity of soil microorganisms.

Soil color does not directly influence soil temperature. Soil moisture, soil texture, and soil structure are all factors that can affect soil temperature.

Soil temperature generally decreases with increasing latitude. This is because areas closer to the equator receive more direct solar radiation and have higher temperatures.

During the winter season in India, soil temperatures typically range between 5-15 °C. This range can vary depending on the region, soil type, and other factors.

Soil temperature has a significant impact on the rate of chemical reactions in the soil, including nutrient transformations, decomposition of organic matter, and the release of greenhouse gases.

Crop rotation is not a method for controlling soil temperature. Mulching, tillage, and irrigation are all methods that can be used to influence soil temperature.

Soil temperature has a significant impact on the water-holding capacity of the soil, influencing the rate of evaporation, infiltration, percolation, and the availability of water to plants.