The Renaissance period (1400-1600) saw the development of polyphony, which allowed for the creation of complex and intricate musical textures.

Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) is credited with writing the first true opera, Orfeo, in 1607.

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) was a leading figure in the development of atonality and twelve-tone music.

A symphony is a large-scale orchestral work that typically consists of three or four movements, with the first movement being in sonata-allegro form.

Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) was a Czech composer who frequently incorporated folk melodies and rhythms into his music.

A theme and variations is a musical form that consists of a series of variations on a single theme.

Claude Debussy (1862-1918) was a French composer who is known for his use of extended tonality and his exploration of new orchestral colors.

Binary form is a musical form that typically consists of two contrasting sections, with the second section being in a different key.

Pierre Boulez (1925-2016) was a French composer who is known for his use of serialism and his exploration of electronic music.

A suite is a musical form that typically consists of a series of short, contrasting sections.

Philip Glass (born 1937) is an American composer who is known for his use of minimalism and his exploration of repetitive patterns.

A suite is a musical form that typically consists of a series of movements, each of which is based on a different dance.

John Cage (1912-1992) was an American composer who is known for his use of aleatoric music and his exploration of indeterminacy.

A chaconne is a musical form that typically consists of a series of variations on a single chord progression.

Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007) was a German composer who is known for his use of extended vocal techniques and his exploration of new operatic forms.