Nitrogen-fixing bacteria play a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle by converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form that can be utilized by plants.

Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, play a vital role in breaking down organic matter, such as dead plant material, into simpler compounds that can be utilized by plants and other organisms.

Microbial diversity in soil contributes to enhanced nutrient cycling, as different microorganisms have specialized roles in breaking down organic matter, releasing nutrients, and making them available for plant uptake.

Humification is the process by which microorganisms break down organic matter and convert it into humus, a stable organic material that contributes to soil fertility and structure.

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria known for their ability to decompose cellulose, a major component of plant cell walls. They play a significant role in the cycling of organic matter in soil.

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized by plants, such as ammonia and nitrate.

Rhizobia are a group of bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, such as beans and peas. They colonize the roots of these plants and help them fix atmospheric nitrogen, converting it into a form that can be utilized by the plant.

Ammonification is the process by which microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, convert organic nitrogen compounds, such as proteins and amino acids, into ammonia.

Ectomycorrhizae are a type of mycorrhizal fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, creating a network of hyphae that extends beyond the root system. This network helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen.

Nitrification is the process by which microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, convert ammonia into nitrate, a form of nitrogen that is more readily available for plant uptake.

Denitrifying bacteria are a group of bacteria that can convert nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen, a process known as denitrification. This process helps regulate the amount of nitrogen available in the soil.

Mineralization is the process by which microorganisms convert organic phosphorus compounds, such as those found in plant and animal residues, into inorganic phosphorus, a form that can be utilized by plants.

Rhizobia are a group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a form that can be utilized by plants. They form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, such as beans and peas, and colonize their root nodules.

Mineralization is the process by which microorganisms convert organic sulfur compounds, such as those found in plant and animal residues, into inorganic sulfur, a form that can be utilized by plants.

Decomposers are a group of bacteria that play a crucial role in the decomposition of organic matter, such as dead plant material and animal waste. They break down these materials and release nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, into the soil, making them available for plant uptake.