A site investigation is crucial for gathering detailed information about the soil properties, stratigraphy, and groundwater conditions at the construction site, which is essential for designing safe and stable foundations and earthworks.

The shear strength of soil is governed by both cohesion, which represents the interparticle attraction, and the friction angle, which accounts for the interlocking of soil particles.

Excavation involves the removal of soil from a specific area, typically to create space for foundations, trenches, or other structures.

Pile foundations are often employed in situations where uplift forces are anticipated, as they transfer the load to deeper, more stable soil layers.

Compaction is performed to increase the density of soil, thereby enhancing its strength, stability, and resistance to settlement.

Sand is particularly prone to liquefaction, especially loose, saturated sand, as it can lose its strength and behave like a fluid when subjected to strong seismic vibrations.

Dewatering systems are employed to reduce the groundwater level, making it easier to perform excavation and construction activities in areas with high water tables.

Soil stabilization involves altering the soil's properties to enhance its strength, stability, and durability, often using chemical additives or mechanical techniques.

Floating foundations are often used in regions with expansive soils, as they are designed to move with the soil, minimizing the risk of damage due to soil volume changes.

Retaining walls are primarily used to support and stabilize soil slopes, preventing collapse and ensuring the stability of the surrounding area.

Clay soils have a high affinity for water due to their small particle size and high surface area, allowing them to absorb and retain a substantial amount of moisture.

Rolling involves using heavy rollers to compact soil in thin layers, increasing its density and improving its engineering properties.

Laboratory soil tests are performed to obtain detailed information about soil properties, such as grain size distribution, plasticity, and shear strength, which are crucial for geotechnical design and analysis.

Pile foundations are often employed for structures subjected to lateral loads, as they provide deep anchorage and can transfer the load to stable soil layers.

Grading involves shaping and leveling the ground surface to prepare it for construction activities, ensuring proper drainage and stability.