Water quality research aims to understand the effects of various human activities, such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and urbanization, on the quality of water resources.

Turbidity, which refers to the cloudiness or haziness of water, is often used as an indicator of water pollution, as it can be caused by suspended solids, algae, or other contaminants.

Water treatment encompasses a range of processes aimed at removing contaminants and improving the quality of water for various purposes, including drinking, industrial use, and irrigation.

Nutrient pollution, particularly from fertilizers and animal waste, is a major concern in agricultural areas, as it can lead to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms.

The hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle, refers to the continuous movement of water between the Earth's atmosphere, land, and oceans, involving processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Water quality monitoring, biological monitoring, and sediment analysis are all commonly used methods for assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems, as they provide information about water quality, the presence of aquatic organisms, and potential contaminants.

Synthetic clothing, such as polyester and nylon, is a major source of microplastics in the environment, as these materials shed tiny fibers during washing and use.

Activated carbon adsorption is a widely used method for removing heavy metals from water, as activated carbon has a high surface area and can effectively adsorb various contaminants.

Desalination refers to the process of removing salt and other minerals from saline water, such as seawater, to produce freshwater that can be used for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.

Stormwater runoff, which occurs during rainfall events, can carry various pollutants, such as sediment, heavy metals, and nutrients, into water bodies, contributing to water pollution in urban areas.

Biodegradation refers to the natural process by which microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, break down and decompose organic matter into simpler substances.

Chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet disinfection are all commonly used methods for removing pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, from water, making it safe for drinking and other purposes.

Phytoremediation refers to the use of plants to absorb and remove contaminants from soil and water, using their natural ability to accumulate and metabolize pollutants.

Low levels of fecal coliform bacteria, which are bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, are often used as an indicator of fecal contamination in water, as their presence suggests the potential presence of harmful pathogens.

Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that mimic natural wetlands and use the natural processes of plants, microorganisms, and soil to treat wastewater, removing pollutants and improving water quality.