As urban populations grow, the demand for housing increases, leading to a shortage of affordable and adequate housing options.

Public transportation systems, such as buses, trains, and trams, can reduce traffic congestion by providing efficient and affordable transportation options.

Urban renewal involves the redevelopment of deteriorated or blighted urban areas to improve their living conditions and economic vitality.

Green building design focuses on incorporating sustainable features into buildings to minimize their environmental impact, such as energy efficiency, water conservation, and the use of renewable energy sources.

Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of urban areas, often characterized by low-density development and a reliance on personal vehicles.

New Urbanism is a planning and design approach that promotes the development of compact, walkable, and mixed-use neighborhoods, with a focus on creating a sense of community and reducing reliance on cars.

Adaptive reuse involves repurposing existing buildings for new uses, often with the goal of preserving historic structures and revitalizing urban areas.

Transit-oriented development (TOD) focuses on creating compact, walkable neighborhoods centered around public transportation hubs, reducing the need for car ownership and promoting sustainable transportation.

Urban renewal involves the redevelopment of deteriorated or blighted urban areas, often through the demolition of old buildings and the construction of new ones.

Green infrastructure refers to the use of natural and semi-natural features, such as parks, green roofs, and rain gardens, to manage stormwater runoff, improve air quality, and provide habitat for wildlife.

Community development involves a range of strategies and programs aimed at improving the social, economic, and physical conditions of low-income urban neighborhoods.

Inclusionary zoning requires developers to include a certain percentage of affordable housing units in new residential developments.

Urban gentrification refers to the process by which low-income neighborhoods become more affluent and expensive, often leading to the displacement of existing residents.

Participatory planning involves actively engaging residents in the planning and decision-making processes that affect their communities, ensuring that their needs and aspirations are considered.

Smart growth is a planning and development strategy that aims to create more compact, walkable, and mixed-use communities, reducing the need for car ownership and promoting sustainable transportation.