To protect the rights of individuals and groups who are unable to seek legal redress on their own.

To promote the interests of the government and its agencies.

To resolve disputes between private parties.

To interpret and enforce the laws of the land.

It is filed by a person or group acting on behalf of the public interest.

It is limited to civil matters.

It can be filed directly in the Supreme Court or High Courts.

It requires the petitioner to have a personal stake in the matter.

The petitioner must have a direct and substantial interest in the matter.

The petitioner must be a public-spirited individual or organization.

The petitioner must be authorized by the government to file the PIL.

The petitioner must be a legal expert.

Issuing writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto.

Granting interim relief and injunctions.

Passing declaratory judgments.

Awarding damages and compensation.

It provides a statutory framework for the filing and adjudication of PIL cases.

It expands the scope of PIL to include environmental issues.

It makes it mandatory for High Courts to establish specialized benches for PIL cases.

It imposes a time limit for the disposal of PIL cases.

The nature and gravity of the issue raised.

The locus standi of the petitioner.

The availability of alternative remedies.

The financial resources of the petitioner.

Monitoring the compliance of government agencies with the court's orders.

Issuing contempt proceedings against those who fail to comply with the court's orders.

Providing legal aid and assistance to petitioners in PIL cases.

All of the above.

Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985)

MC Mehta vs. Union of India (1985)

Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan (1997)

Narmada Bachao Andolan vs. Union of India (1999)

High Courts provide a forum for marginalized communities to voice their concerns and seek legal remedies.

High Courts have the power to issue writs and orders to protect the rights of marginalized communities.

High Courts can direct government agencies to take action to address the grievances of marginalized communities.

All of the above.

The large number of PIL petitions filed each year.

The lack of resources and infrastructure to handle PIL cases.

The political pressure and interference in PIL cases.

The lack of expertise in dealing with complex legal issues raised in PIL cases.

Increasing the number of judges and staff dedicated to PIL cases.

Providing specialized training to judges and staff on PIL-related issues.

Establishing specialized benches or divisions for PIL cases.

All of the above.

By scrutinizing PIL petitions carefully before admitting them.

By imposing strict guidelines on the filing of PIL petitions.

By taking suo moto action in cases of public importance.

All of the above.

It laid down guidelines for the filing and adjudication of PIL cases.

It emphasized the need for judicial restraint in PIL cases.

It clarified the scope of PIL and the locus standi requirement.

All of the above.

Injunctions

Declaratory judgments

Writs

Damages

They can issue orders to prevent environmental degradation.

They can direct government agencies to take action to protect the environment.

They can impose fines and penalties on polluters.

All of the above.