Protectionism is a trade policy that restricts the import of goods and services into a country to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country.

Free trade is a trade policy that aims to eliminate or reduce trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, to facilitate the free flow of goods and services between countries.

Trade liberalization can lead to increased consumer choice, lower prices for consumers, and increased economic growth.

Trade liberalization can lead to job losses in certain industries, increased income inequality, and environmental degradation.

Economic integration is a trade policy that aims to promote economic cooperation and integration among a group of countries through the elimination of trade barriers and the adoption of common policies.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an example of a regional trade agreement that eliminates trade barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an example of a multilateral trade agreement that sets rules for international trade and resolves trade disputes between member countries.

Economic integration can lead to increased trade and economic growth, improved efficiency and competitiveness, and enhanced cooperation and stability.

Economic integration can lead to loss of sovereignty and autonomy, increased economic inequality, and environmental degradation.

Sustainable trade is a trade policy that seeks to promote sustainable development and reduce the negative environmental impacts of trade.

Sustainable trade policies can include imposing tariffs on goods produced using environmentally harmful methods, providing incentives for businesses to adopt sustainable practices, and promoting the trade of environmentally friendly goods and services.

Sustainable trade can lead to reduced environmental degradation, increased economic growth, and improved social welfare.

Sustainable trade can lead to increased costs for consumers, reduced competitiveness of certain industries, and job losses in certain sectors.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays a key role in promoting sustainable trade and addressing trade-related environmental issues through its agreements and negotiations.