River flooding is primarily caused by excessive rainfall, which leads to an increase in the volume of water flowing through a river, causing it to overflow its banks.

A floodplain is the area of land adjacent to a river that is prone to flooding during periods of high water flow.

Floodplains are typically characterized by flat or gently sloping topography, making them prone to flooding. They are not typically associated with steep slopes.

Aggradation is the process by which sediment is deposited on a floodplain during flooding. This process helps to build up the elevation of the floodplain over time.

River flooding can have devastating impacts on human populations, including loss of life, damage to property and infrastructure, and disruption of livelihoods.

The crest of a flood is the highest level of water reached during a flood event.

Levees, dams and reservoirs, and floodplain zoning are all common methods used to control river flooding.

Lateral migration is the process by which a river channel widens and deepens over time as the river meanders and erodes its banks.

Floodplains are naturally prone to flooding, which can be a hazard to human populations and infrastructure.

Infiltration is the process by which water infiltrates the ground and becomes groundwater.

Deciduous forests are a common type of vegetation found in floodplains, as they are adapted to the periodic flooding and high water table.

Evaporation is the process by which water is released from the ground and becomes surface water.

Agricultural land is a common type of land use found in floodplains, as the fertile soils and periodic flooding can be beneficial for crop production.

Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere.

Fish, birds, and mammals are all common types of wildlife found in floodplains, as they are adapted to the unique conditions of this ecosystem.