Metabolism encompasses the biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms, primarily focused on energy production and utilization to sustain life processes.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the universal energy currency in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes through the transfer of its terminal phosphate group.

Glycolysis is the initial stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle, occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of enzymatic reactions that break down acetyl-CoA, derived from pyruvate, to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

The Electron Transport Chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is the final stage of cellular respiration where electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes, generating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to synthesize glucose and release oxygen as a byproduct.

Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment in plants that absorbs light energy from the sun, enabling the conversion of light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

NADP+ is the primary electron acceptor in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, accepting electrons from excited chlorophyll molecules to generate NADPH.

The Calvin Cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, uses ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose.

Fermentation is the process by which cells break down glucose to generate ATP without the use of oxygen, occurring in the absence of an electron transport chain.

Alcoholic fermentation is a type of fermentation that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts, commonly used in the production of alcoholic beverages and biofuels.

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle, is a central metabolic pathway that generates energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 through the breakdown of acetyl-CoA derived from various fuel molecules.

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration by accepting electrons from various metabolic reactions and transferring them to the electron transport chain.

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitate the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.