The harmonium is a keyboard instrument that produces sound by pumping air through reeds. It is widely used in Qawwali for its ability to create a rich and sustained melody.

The Tabla is a pair of hand drums used in Qawwali to provide rhythmic accompaniment. The Tabla player uses various techniques to create intricate rhythmic patterns that complement the melody and enhance the overall performance.

The Shehnai is a woodwind instrument that is often used in Qawwali to create a piercing and emotive sound. It is particularly associated with celebratory occasions and is often played during the opening and closing sections of a Qawwali performance.

The Dholak is a double-headed hand drum that is used in Qawwali to provide rhythmic accompaniment. It is played with the hands and produces a deep, resonant sound that complements the other instruments in the ensemble.

The Sarangi is a bowed string instrument that is often used to accompany the lead vocalist in Qawwali. It is known for its expressive and emotive sound, which adds depth and texture to the vocal performance.

The Sitar is a long-necked string instrument that is occasionally used in Qawwali to create melodic lines. It is known for its intricate fretwork and distinctive sound, which can add a layer of complexity and ornamentation to the music.

The Tanpura is a string instrument that is used in Qawwali to provide a drone or continuous tonal background. It is played with a wire plectrum and produces a steady, resonant sound that serves as a foundation for the other instruments and vocals.

The Cajon is a box-shaped percussion instrument that is sometimes used in Qawwali to provide rhythmic accompaniment. It is played by striking the front surface with the hands or a beater, producing a deep, resonant sound that complements the other percussion instruments in the ensemble.

The Sitar is known for its intricate and rapid fingerwork, which allows the player to create complex melodic lines and embellishments. This virtuosic technique is often showcased in Qawwali performances, adding a layer of technical brilliance to the music.

The Dhol is a large, cylindrical drum that is occasionally used in Qawwali to provide rhythmic accompaniment. It is played with two sticks and produces a loud, booming sound that can add a sense of energy and excitement to the performance.

The Sarangi is known for its distinctive, nasal sound, which is produced by the sympathetic strings resonating with the main strings. This unique sound adds a layer of depth and texture to the overall sonic landscape of Qawwali.

The Manjira is a pair of small, handheld cymbals that are used in Qawwali to provide rhythmic accompaniment. They are played by striking them together, producing a bright, metallic sound that adds a percussive element to the music.

The Sarangi is known for its ability to create a wide range of tonal colors and dynamics. The player can use different bowing techniques and finger positions to produce a variety of sounds, from soft and lyrical to intense and passionate. This versatility makes the Sarangi a highly expressive instrument in Qawwali.

The Daf is a large, circular frame drum that is occasionally used in Qawwali to provide rhythmic accompaniment. It is played with the hands and produces a deep, resonant sound that complements the other percussion instruments in the ensemble.

The Tabla is known for its rhythmic complexity and improvisational nature. The Tabla player uses various hand techniques and rhythmic patterns to create intricate and dynamic rhythms that complement the melody and enhance the overall performance. This improvisational aspect of the Tabla adds an element of spontaneity and excitement to Qawwali.