William the Conqueror, also known as William I, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 to 1087.

Charles V, also known as Charles the Wise, was the French king who led the French forces to victory in the Hundred Years' War.

Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was the English king who led the Third Crusade and was known for his military prowess.

Charles IV, also known as Charles of Luxembourg, was the Holy Roman Emperor who issued the Golden Bull of 1356, which regulated the election of future emperors.

Isabella of France, also known as the 'She-Wolf of France', was the wife of Edward II of England and played a significant role in his overthrow.

Justinian I, also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor who codified Roman law in the 6th century, creating the Corpus Juris Civilis.

Louis VIII led the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in the 13th century, aiming to suppress the Cathar heresy in southern France.

King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the powers of the monarchy and established certain rights for the barons and the people.

Charles V was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna in 1530, becoming one of the most powerful rulers in Europe.

Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI, was executed during the French Revolution in 1793.

Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the English king who earned the nickname 'Hammer of the Scots' for his military campaigns against Scotland.

Justinian I, also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor who commissioned the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

King John of England was deposed by his barons in 1215, which led to the signing of the Magna Carta, a charter that limited the powers of the monarchy.

Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, was the French king who led the Crusades against the Muslims in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Elizabeth I, also known as the 'Virgin Queen', was the English queen who ruled from 1558 to 1603 and was known for her intelligence and strong leadership.