Antipsychotics are not typically used in the treatment of pain.

Opioids bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals.

Ibuprofen is a non-opioid analgesic that belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

NSAIDs inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are involved in the inflammatory process and the perception of pain.

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that is commonly used in the treatment of chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain.

Antidepressants block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which increases the levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and enhances their pain-relieving effects.

Nausea and vomiting, constipation, and respiratory depression are all common side effects of opioid analgesics.

Gastrointestinal upset, headache, and dizziness are all common side effects of NSAIDs.

Dry mouth, blurred vision, and weight gain are all common side effects of antidepressants.

Tolerance is the phenomenon in which a patient's response to a pain medication decreases over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same level of pain relief.

Withdrawal is the term for the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a patient suddenly stops taking a pain medication.

High dose of medication, long-term use of medication, and history of substance abuse are all risk factors for developing dependence on opioid analgesics.

Addiction is the term for the use of a pain medication for a non-medical purpose.

Prescribing opioids only when necessary, using the lowest effective dose, and limiting the duration of opioid therapy are all strategies for preventing opioid misuse and addiction.

Polypharmacy is the term for the use of two or more pain medications at the same time.