Isaac Newton is widely regarded as the father of modern mathematics due to his groundbreaking contributions to calculus, physics, and other fields.

Nicolaus Copernicus is credited with developing the heliocentric theory, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system.

Johannes Kepler formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which describe the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun.

Galileo Galilei made significant contributions to astronomy, physics, and mathematics, including his observations of the moons of Jupiter and his development of the law of inertia.

Analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry, was developed by René Descartes and allows for the representation of geometric figures using algebraic equations.

John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, is credited with the invention of logarithms, which greatly simplified calculations involving multiplication and division.

Gerolamo Cardano made significant contributions to probability theory, including his study of games of chance and the development of the concept of mathematical expectation.

The Pythagorean Theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

Pierre de Fermat made significant contributions to number theory, including his work on modular arithmetic and his famous conjecture known as Fermat's Last Theorem.

Luca Pacioli, also known as Fra Luca di Borgo, is considered the father of accounting and bookkeeping due to his influential work, Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita.

Pi (π) is a mathematical constant that represents the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

Gérard Desargues made significant contributions to projective geometry, including his study of conic sections and the development of the concept of infinity.

The Law of Sines states that in a triangle, the ratio of the sine of an angle to the length of the opposite side is constant.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, along with Isaac Newton, is credited with the development of calculus, including the concept of infinitesimals and the fundamental theorem of calculus.