The Babylonian Empire, centered in Mesopotamia, was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations in history.

Genghis Khan, also known as Temujin, was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.

Spain, under the leadership of explorers like Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés, colonized large parts of the Americas and established a vast empire.

Mercantilism was a dominant economic and political system in Europe during the early modern period, characterized by government intervention and protectionism.

Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, due to its strong navy, industrial development, and colonial empire.

Nationalism, which emphasizes the importance of the nation-state and national identity, became a powerful force in European politics in the 19th century.

Prussia, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, unified Germany in the 19th century, leading to the formation of the German Empire.

Communism, a political and economic system based on the ideas of Karl Marx, was established in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution.

The United States emerged as a global superpower after World War II, due to its economic strength, military power, and technological advancements.

Communism, a political and economic system based on the ideas of Karl Marx, was established in China after the Chinese Revolution.

China emerged as a major economic and political power in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, due to its rapid economic growth and increasing global influence.

India adopted a democratic political system after independence, characterized by regular elections and a multi-party system.

Brazil emerged as a major economic and political power in Latin America in the 20th century, due to its large population, natural resources, and industrial development.

South Africa adopted a democratic political system after the end of apartheid, characterized by regular elections and a multi-party system.

Indonesia emerged as a major economic and political power in Southeast Asia in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, due to its large population, natural resources, and economic growth.