Asymmetric-key encryption, also known as public-key cryptography, is widely used for secure online transactions and digital signatures. It involves the use of a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

Hash functions are primarily used for message authentication in cryptography. They generate a fixed-size digest or fingerprint of a message, which can be used to verify its integrity and authenticity.

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a widely adopted symmetric-key encryption algorithm used in modern applications. It is known for its high security and efficiency, making it suitable for various encryption tasks.

Public-key cryptography relies on the concept of one-way functions, which are easy to compute in one direction but computationally infeasible to reverse. This property enables secure key exchange and encryption without the need for sharing a secret key.

In digital signatures, the private key is used for signing a message or data. The resulting digital signature can be verified using the corresponding public key, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of the signed information.

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a widely adopted cryptographic protocol used to secure communication channels and protect data in transit. It establishes a secure connection between two parties, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data.

A digital certificate is primarily used for authentication in cryptography. It binds a public key to the identity of the certificate holder, allowing other parties to verify the authenticity of the public key and establish secure communication.

Diffie-Hellman key exchange is a widely used cryptographic technique for secure key exchange in public-key cryptography. It allows two parties to establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel without revealing the key itself.

Steganography is a cryptographic technique that focuses on hiding data within other data or media. Its primary goal is to conceal the existence of sensitive information by embedding it in seemingly innocuous content.

Full disk encryption is a cryptographic technique used to protect data stored on electronic devices. It encrypts the entire storage device, including the operating system and all user data, providing a high level of security against unauthorized access.

A one-time pad is a cryptographic technique that provides perfect secrecy. It involves the use of a truly random key that is as long as the message being encrypted. When properly implemented, a one-time pad ensures that the encrypted message is unbreakable.

Server-side encryption is a cryptographic technique used to secure data stored in cloud storage systems. It involves encrypting data before it is uploaded to the cloud, ensuring that the data remains encrypted while stored on the cloud provider's servers.

In blockchain technology, cryptographic hash functions are primarily used for message authentication. They generate a unique and fixed-size digest of a block of data, which is used to verify the integrity and authenticity of the data during the process of block linking and validation.

IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a widely used cryptographic technique for secure communication in virtual private networks (VPNs). It operates at the network layer and provides encryption, authentication, and key management services to protect data transmitted over public networks.

Quantum cryptography aims to achieve unbreakable encryption by utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics. It involves the use of quantum properties, such as superposition and entanglement, to create cryptographic protocols that are secure against attacks based on classical computation.