Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences. Reinforcement is a key principle in this theory, where desirable behaviors are strengthened by providing positive consequences.

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior learning. This response is known as the unconditioned response.

Positive reinforcement involves providing a pleasant consequence or reward after a desired behavior occurs, thereby increasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Extinction is a technique used to reduce the frequency or intensity of a behavior by gradually withdrawing reinforcement. This process involves stopping the provision of positive consequences or rewards that were previously associated with the behavior.

Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, refers to the process of learning new behaviors or modifying existing ones through observing and imitating others' actions and consequences.

Cognitive restructuring is a technique used in CBT to identify, challenge, and modify negative or irrational thoughts and beliefs that contribute to emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors.

Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behavior therapy to gradually expose a person to a feared stimulus while teaching them relaxation techniques to manage their anxiety.

Punishment is a technique used in behavior modification to decrease the frequency or intensity of an undesirable behavior by presenting an unpleasant consequence or removing a pleasant one after the behavior occurs.

Shaping is a technique used in behavior modification to teach a new behavior by gradually reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior until the final desired behavior is achieved.

Positive reinforcement is a technique used in behavior modification to increase the frequency or intensity of a desirable behavior by presenting a pleasant consequence or reward after the behavior occurs.

Fading is a technique used in behavior modification to gradually withdraw physical or verbal prompts or cues used to teach a new behavior, allowing the individual to perform the behavior independently.

Time-out is a technique used in behavior modification to manage disruptive or challenging behaviors by temporarily removing the individual from the situation or activity that is reinforcing the behavior.

Chaining is a technique used in behavior modification to link a series of behaviors together to form a complex sequence, where the completion of one behavior leads to the next.

Prompting is a technique used in behavior modification to teach new skills or behaviors by providing physical, verbal, or visual cues to guide the individual through the desired behavior.

Shaping is a technique used in behavior modification to gradually increase the duration or frequency of a desired behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.