Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, and astronomer who lived in the 3rd century BC. He is best known for his calculation of the Earth's circumference, which was remarkably accurate for its time.

The Anaximander Map was the first known map of the world, created by the Greek philosopher Anaximander in the 6th century BC. It depicted the Earth as a flat disk surrounded by the ocean.

Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher and mathematician who lived in the 6th century BC. He is best known for his Pythagorean theorem, but he also proposed that the Earth was spherical, an idea that was later adopted by other Greek philosophers.

The Geography was a book written by the Greek mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. It was a comprehensive treatise on geography that included maps, descriptions of different regions of the world, and a discussion of the Earth's shape and size.

Al-Idrisi was an Arab geographer who lived in the 12th century AD. He is best known for his book, The Book of Roger, which was a comprehensive treatise on geography that included maps, descriptions of different regions of the world, and a discussion of the Earth's shape and size.

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe. He set sail from Spain in 1519 with five ships, and after a long and difficult journey, he reached the Philippines in 1521. He was killed in a battle with the natives, but his ship, the Victoria, completed the circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.

Alexander von Humboldt was a German geographer, naturalist, and explorer who lived in the 18th and 19th centuries. He is best known for his book, Cosmos, which was a comprehensive treatise on the physical world. He also developed the concept of the five major landmasses, or continents, which is still used today.

Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist and geophysicist who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents had once been joined together and had drifted apart over time. His theory was initially rejected by most scientists, but it was later confirmed by the discovery of plate tectonics.

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. It states that the Earth's lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost layer of the Earth, is divided into a number of tectonic plates that move around the Earth's surface. The movement of these plates is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle, which is the layer of rock beneath the lithosphere.

Jared Diamond is an American geographer, biologist, and author who is known for his work on the relationship between humans and their environment. He is best known for his book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, which argues that the development of different civilizations was influenced by environmental factors.