Earth is estimated to be around 4.5 billion years old, based on evidence from radiometric dating and other geological studies.

Abiogenesis is the prevailing scientific theory that proposes that life arose from non-living matter through a series of chemical reactions under suitable conditions.

Trilobites were marine arthropods that flourished during the Cambrian Explosion, a period of rapid diversification of life forms around 540 million years ago.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction, also known as the K-T Extinction, occurred around 66 million years ago and is associated with the disappearance of the dinosaurs and many other species.

Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, formed by the collision of all the major landmasses on Earth.

The Cenozoic era, also known as the Age of Mammals, is characterized by the rise and diversification of flowering plants, which had a profound impact on the evolution of life on Earth.

Plate Tectonics is the theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into several tectonic plates that move relative to each other, causing various geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation.

When two continental plates collide, they can form mountain ranges as a result of the compression and uplift of the Earth's crust.

The Gaia Hypothesis, also known as the Earth System Science Hypothesis, proposes that Earth's climate and environment are regulated by feedback mechanisms involving the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere.

The Cenozoic era, particularly the Miocene epoch, is characterized by the appearance of the first hominids, the ancestors of modern humans.

Atmospheric Escape is the process by which Earth's atmosphere gradually loses its hydrogen and helium gases due to their high kinetic energy and low molecular weight.

The Precambrian era, particularly the Proterozoic eon, is characterized by the formation of the first eukaryotic cells, which are more complex and have a nucleus.

The Dynamo Effect is the process by which Earth's magnetic field is generated due to the movement of molten iron in the Earth's outer core.

The Paleozoic era, particularly the Silurian period, is characterized by the formation of the first land plants, which had a significant impact on Earth's atmosphere and ecosystems.

Milankovitch Cycles are variations in Earth's orbit and tilt that affect the amount of solar radiation received by different parts of the planet, influencing Earth's climate.