Climate change is a global issue that affects all water bodies, not just rivers. The other options are specific challenges faced by rivers in India.

Agricultural runoff in India is caused by a combination of excessive use of fertilizers, inadequate irrigation practices, and poor soil management.

Deforestation leads to increased soil erosion, reduced water retention capacity, and loss of biodiversity, all of which contribute to the degradation of river and lake ecosystems. Improved water quality is not a consequence of deforestation.

The primary goal of the NRCP is to restore degraded river stretches by implementing various measures to reduce pollution, improve water quality, and enhance biodiversity.

Riverfront development is not a key component of the Namami Gange Programme, which focuses on pollution abatement, riverfront cleaning, and biodiversity conservation.

Encroachment and urbanization pose the biggest threat to lakes in India, leading to habitat loss, water pollution, and reduced biodiversity.

Construction of sewage treatment plants is not a measure specifically taken to address the challenge of encroachment and urbanization in lake conservation.

The primary goal of the LCMP is to restore degraded lakes by implementing various measures to reduce pollution, improve water quality, and enhance biodiversity.

Industrial effluent treatment plants are not a key component of the LCMP, which focuses on lake restoration, catchment area management, and biodiversity conservation.

Encroachment and urbanization pose the biggest threat to wetlands in India, leading to habitat loss, water pollution, and reduced biodiversity.

Construction of sewage treatment plants is not a measure specifically taken to address the challenge of encroachment and urbanization in wetland conservation.

The primary goal of the NWCP is to restore degraded wetlands by implementing various measures to reduce pollution, improve water quality, and enhance biodiversity.

Industrial effluent treatment plants are not a key component of the NWCP, which focuses on wetland restoration, catchment area management, and biodiversity conservation.

Encroachment and urbanization pose the biggest threat to estuaries in India, leading to habitat loss, water pollution, and reduced biodiversity.

Construction of sewage treatment plants is not a measure specifically taken to address the challenge of encroachment and urbanization in estuary conservation.