The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya in the 4th century BCE, is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. It is considered a seminal work in Indian political thought and has influenced many later political thinkers.

Kautilya's political thought is centered around the concept of Artha, which refers to material prosperity, power, and political success. He argues that the primary goal of a king is to acquire and maintain Artha through various means, including diplomacy, war, and economic policies.

Dharma, in Kautilya's political thought, refers to a set of moral principles and ethical values that should guide the actions of the king. He argues that the king should always act in accordance with Dharma, even if it means sacrificing personal利益.

The concept of 'mandala' in ancient Indian political thought refers to a system of concentric circles, with the king at the center, representing the different levels of political power and influence. Kingdoms and territories are arranged in a hierarchical manner, with the king at the apex and other rulers and chieftains owing allegiance to him.

The Edicts of Ashoka, a series of inscriptions and edicts issued by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, provide valuable insights into the political thought and governance practices of the Mauryan Empire. These edicts reflect Ashoka's emphasis on Dharma, non-violence, and the welfare of his subjects.

The primary goal of the ancient Indian political system was to maintain social order and stability. This was achieved through a combination of religious and political authority, with the king or ruler playing a central role in upholding Dharma and ensuring the welfare of the people.

Jayatirtha, a 14th-century philosopher from the Dvaita Vedanta school, is known for his theory of 'divine right of kings.' He argued that kings are appointed by God and have a divine right to rule. This theory provided a religious justification for the authority of kings and helped legitimize their rule.

Ramanuja, a 11th-century philosopher from the Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school, emphasized the importance of social harmony and cooperation in his political thought. He believed that the state should promote social welfare and ensure the well-being of all citizens, regardless of their caste or social status.

Madhavacharya, a 13th-century philosopher from the Dvaita Vedanta school, advocated for the concept of 'limited monarchy.' He argued that the power of the king should be limited by a council of ministers and that the king should rule in accordance with Dharma and the consent of the people.

Dharma, in medieval Indian political thought, is considered the basis of all political authority. Kings and rulers are expected to rule in accordance with Dharma, which encompasses moral principles, ethical values, and social obligations. Dharma provides the legitimacy and justification for the exercise of political power.

Basaveshwara, a 12th-century philosopher and social reformer from Karnataka, emphasized the importance of 'social justice' in his political thought. He advocated for the eradication of caste discrimination and the establishment of a society based on equality and compassion. His teachings influenced the development of the Lingayat movement, which promoted social justice and religious equality.

The Bhakti movement in medieval India was primarily focused on the pursuit of spiritual liberation and personal devotion to God. Political thought and governance were not central themes in the movement's teachings. Bhakti saints emphasized the importance of individual spiritual transformation and the cultivation of love and devotion towards the divine.

Kabir, a 15th-century mystic poet and philosopher, advocated for the concept of 'trusteeship' in his political thought. He believed that wealth and power are held in trust by individuals, and they have a responsibility to use these resources for the benefit of society. Kabir's teachings emphasized the importance of compassion, equality, and social justice.

The Sufi movement in medieval India was primarily focused on the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment and the cultivation of a personal relationship with God. Political thought and governance were not central themes in the movement's teachings. Sufi saints emphasized the importance of inner transformation, self-discipline, and the cultivation of love and compassion.

Mahatma Gandhi, a 20th-century political leader and philosopher, emphasized the importance of 'non-violence' in his political thought. He believed that non-violent resistance and civil disobedience are powerful tools for achieving political and social change. Gandhi's teachings and principles of non-violence have had a profound impact on political thought and activism worldwide.