The primary responsibility of an ATC is to prevent collisions between aircraft, maintain safe separation, and expedite the flow of air traffic.

ATC and pilots communicate primarily through radio transmissions, using specific frequencies and procedures to ensure clear and reliable communication.

The Control Zone (CZ) is the airspace surrounding an airport, extending up to a certain height, within which ATC provides air traffic control services.

A flight plan contains essential information about the aircraft's intended route, departure and arrival times, altitude, and other relevant details, enabling ATC to plan and manage air traffic.

Air traffic control employs various separation techniques to maintain safe distances between aircraft, including lateral separation (horizontal spacing), vertical separation (altitude difference), and longitudinal separation (time spacing).

Radar controllers use radar systems to track and monitor aircraft movements, providing guidance and instructions to pilots to ensure safe and efficient separation.

Air traffic control towers are located at airports to provide visual control of aircraft movements on the ground and in the vicinity of the airport, ensuring safe and orderly operations.

Approach Control is responsible for guiding aircraft during their approach to landing, providing instructions and clearances to ensure a safe and efficient descent.

Standard instrument departure (SID) procedures are designed to provide a safe and efficient departure route for aircraft, ensuring separation from other traffic and obstacles.

Handoff is the term used to describe the transfer of responsibility for an aircraft from one air traffic control facility to another, ensuring continuity of service and safe transition.

Flight information regions (FIRs) are airspace where air traffic control services are provided to aircraft, including flight information, separation services, and coordination with other air traffic control units.

Departure Control is responsible for guiding aircraft during their departure from an airport, providing instructions and clearances to ensure a safe and efficient climb.

Standard arrival route (STAR) procedures are designed to provide a safe and efficient arrival route for aircraft, ensuring separation from other traffic and obstacles.

Uncontrolled Airspace is the airspace where aircraft are operating under visual flight rules (VFR), where pilots are responsible for maintaining safe separation from other aircraft and obstacles.

An air traffic control clearance is an authorization granted by ATC to an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions, including route, altitude, and speed, to ensure safe and orderly movement of air traffic.