The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 provides that an arbitration award can be enforced by the Supreme Court of India, the High Court, or the District Court.

As per the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, an application for enforcement of an arbitration award must be filed within 3 months from the date of the award.

An arbitration award can be challenged on the grounds of fraud or corruption, bias or prejudice of the arbitrator, or if the award is in violation of public policy.

Once an arbitration award has been enforced by a court, it becomes binding on the parties and cannot be challenged except on limited grounds.

An arbitration award cannot be enforced against a non-signatory to the arbitration agreement unless the non-signatory has consented to the arbitration or is a related party or has benefited from the arbitration agreement.

The procedure for enforcing an arbitration award in India involves filing an application for enforcement with the appropriate court, serving notice of the application on the other party, and appearing before the court on the date of hearing.

The role of the court in enforcing an arbitration award is to review the award for errors of law or fact, to determine whether the award was obtained by fraud or corruption, and to ensure that the award is in accordance with public policy.

Failing to comply with an arbitration award that has been enforced by a court may result in contempt of court proceedings, an order to pay damages, execution proceedings, or all of the above.

An arbitration award can be enforced in a foreign country if the foreign country is a signatory to the New York Convention, if the foreign country has a bilateral treaty with India on enforcement of arbitration awards, or if the foreign country has a domestic law that allows for the enforcement of foreign arbitration awards.

In international commercial arbitration, the role of the courts in enforcing arbitration awards is limited. Courts generally do not review the award for errors of law or fact, determine whether the award was obtained by fraud or corruption, or ensure that the award is in accordance with public policy.

The New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards is a multilateral treaty that provides a uniform framework for the enforcement of arbitration awards. It has been ratified by over 160 countries, including India.

The key provisions of the New York Convention include the recognition and enforcement of arbitration agreements and awards by the courts of contracting states, the enforceability of awards even if they are made in a country that is not a party to the convention, and the ability to challenge awards on limited grounds, such as fraud or corruption.

The New York Convention has significant importance in international commercial arbitration. It promotes the use of arbitration as a means of resolving international commercial disputes, provides a predictable and uniform framework for the enforcement of arbitration awards, and reduces the risk of conflicting court decisions on the enforcement of arbitration awards.

Some of the challenges in enforcing arbitration awards in international commercial arbitration include differences in national laws and regulations on arbitration, lack of cooperation from the courts in some countries, and high costs and delays in enforcement proceedings.