Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the aggregation of misfolded proteins, loss of synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the aggregation of amyloid-beta plaques, tau protein tangles, and loss of cholinergic neurons.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor.

Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the HTT gene, which leads to the production of a mutant huntingtin protein.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates, which form Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.

The NMDA receptor is a glutamate receptor that mediates excitatory synaptic transmission, is involved in long-term potentiation and depression, and regulates neuronal survival and development.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to progressive muscle weakness and paralysis.

The cerebellum is responsible for coordination of movement, balance and equilibrium, and motor learning and adaptation.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of tau protein tangles, which form neurofibrillary tangles.

The basal ganglia are involved in motor control and coordination, reward and motivation, and habit formation and procedural learning.

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by the loss of myelin in the central nervous system, leading to demyelination and disruption of nerve conduction.

The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and consolidation, spatial navigation and learning, and emotional processing and regulation.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the accumulation of TDP-43 protein aggregates, which form cytoplasmic inclusions.

The amygdala is involved in fear conditioning and emotional processing, social behavior and decision-making, and memory formation and consolidation.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is characterized by the accumulation of prion protein aggregates, which form amyloid plaques.